Microprocessor architecture

 

 

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- A microprocessor is an integrated circuit designed to function as the CPU of a microcomputer.

 

The microprocessor or CPU reads each instruction from the memory, decodes it and executes it.

 

It processes the data as required in the instructions.

 

The processing is in the form of arithmetic and logical operations.

 

A microprocessor is designed to execute logical and computational tasks with typical operations such as addition/subtraction, interprocess and device communication, input/output management, etc.

 

A microprocessor is composed of integrated circuits that hold thousands of transistors; exactly how many depends on its relative computing power.

 

The PowerPC is a CPU architecture based on reduced instruction-set computing (RISC) that was created by Apple, IBM and Motorola in 1991.

 

 

 

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Applied physics

 

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Applied Physics is rooted in the fundamental truths and basic concepts of the physical sciences but is concerned with the utilization of scientific principles in practical devices and systems, and in the application of physics in other areas of science.

 

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.

 

A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term “laser” originated as an acronym for ‘light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation’.

 

A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor – such as copper, gold etc. – and an insulator, such as glass. Their resistance decreases as their temperature increases, which is behavior opposite to that of a metal.

 

Sonar (originally an acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.

 

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain.

 

Lidar (also called LIDAR, LiDAR, and LADAR) is a surveying method that measures distance to a target by illuminating the target with pulsed laser light and measuring the reflected pulses with a sensor.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Industrial Electronics

 

 

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Industrial electronics is a branch of electronics that deals with power electronic devices such as thyristors, SCRs, AC/DC drives, meters, sensors, analyzers, load cells automatic test equipment, mulitimeters, data recorders, relays, resistors, semiconductors, transistors, waveguides, scopes, amplifiers, radio frequency (RF) circuit boards, timers, counters, etc.

 

Some of the specialty equipment used in industrial electronics includes: variable frequency converter and inverter drives, human machine interfaces, hydraulic positioners and computer or microprocessor controlled robotics.

 

Many industrial processes and even domestic applications make use of analyzers to study various processes or objects. Instrumentation and process control applications make wide use of analyzers at various stages of an operation.

 

There are different types of industrial analyzers and they can be used for mechanical, electronic or chemical processes.

 

Some types of analyzers used in the industrial world include gas analyzers, logic analyzers, network analyzers, signal analyzers and spectrum analyzers.

 

EDP (electronic data processing), an infrequently used term for what is today usually called “IS” (information services or systems) or “MIS” (management information services or systems), is the processing of data by a computer and its programs in an environment involving electronic communication.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Telecommunications

 

 

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The telecommunications industry within the sector of information and communication technology is made up of all Telecommunications/telephone companies and internet service providers and plays the crucial role in the evolution of mobile communications and the information society.

 

Telecommunications, also known as telecom, is the exchange of information over significant distances by electronic means and refers to all types of voice, data and video transmission.

 

This is a broad term that includes a wide range of information transmitting technologies such as telephones (wired and wireless), microwave communications, fiber optics, satellites, radio and television broadcasting, the internet and telegraphs.

 

A complete, single telecommunications circuit consists of two stations, each equipped with a transmitter and a receiver.

 

The simplest form of telecommunications takes place between two stations, but it is common for multiple transmitting and receiving stations to exchange data among themselves. Such an arrangement is called a telecommunications network.

 

On a smaller scale, examples include:

 

– Corporate and academic wide-area networks (WANs).

 

– Telephone networks.

 

– Cellular networks.

 

– Police and fire communications systems.

 

– Taxi dispatch networks.

 

– Groups of amateur (ham) radio operators.

 

– Broadcast networks.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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